Can STIs Affect Male Fertility?

SSIs and Fertility

According to the CDC, approximately one in five Americans have an STI. That number may be a low estimate, as some STIs can stay in the body without presenting any symptoms. Left untreated, STIs can negatively impact the fertility of both men and women, even causing long lasting damage to the reproductive system. Fortunately, most STIs can be successfully treated if they are caught early, which is why regular testing is so important. Here, we look at some of the STIs that can affect male fertility.

Chlamydia

The most curable STI, chlamydia is problematic because most people who contract it do not show symptoms. It affects nearly two million Americans each year and has been proven to cause female infertility if left untreated, by damaging the fallopian tubes. It can also be passed to newborn babies, causing inclusion conjunctivitis during a vaginal birth. The connection with male infertility is less clear cut, but there is evidence to suggest that untreated chlamydia can significantly reduce sperm quality and motility.

Herpes

Herpes is an STI without a cure. Symptoms come and go, but the virus stays in the body forever. There is not much research on how herpes impacts male fertility, though one study found that it may be associated with low sperm count. However, if a man passes herpes to his partner and she becomes pregnant, she can pass it to the baby, and this can have serious consequences. Fortunately, while passing it between partners is common, passing it to the infant is rare.

Gonorrhea

Like chlamydia, gonorrhea often presents no symptoms. Both of these illnesses can cause inflammation in the epididymis, the tube at the back of the testicles responsible for storing and transporting sperm. If caught, this inflammation, known as epididymitis, can be successfully treated with antibiotics. However, cases that are left untreated can result in infertility. Gonorrhea is another STI that can be passed on to newborn babies, and this can lead to blindness. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are two major causes of preventable infertility.

Mycoplasma

This STI is not as well-known as the others, perhaps because it was only discovered in 1981. It presents with symptoms that can be confused with a urinary tract infection, but is often accompanied by epididymitis. It is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women, and there is evidence to suggest it also impacts male fertility.

Syphilis

Many people mistakenly believe that syphilis is a disease that has been eradicated, but this is, unfortunately, untrue. In fact, between 2018 and 2022, reported cases of syphilis in the United States rose by 80 percent, with the CDC documenting 207,255 total cases in 2022. Often, the symptoms are mild, so they can go undetected, but if left untreated, syphilis can last for years or even decades, causing serious health issues. It can impact male fertility by causing erectile dysfunction and epididymitis, and if the man passes it on to his partner and she becomes pregnant, she is at higher risk of miscarriage. Syphilis can also be passed to the baby, and this can be fatal.

Hepatitis

There are several different types of hepatitis, and hepatitis B is the one most commonly linked to sexual transmission. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, and can cause lower sperm count or mobility, resulting in a higher rate of infertility in people with hepatitis than in those without. Adults are typically able to fight off hepatitis, but children infected with this virus often develop a long-term infection that can have serious consequences, including liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver.

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is, of course, the virus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is no cure for either condition, though treatment can control the virus and allow people with HIV to lead long, healthy lives. HIV can impact male fertility in a few ways. First, because it lowers the body’s immunity, it can make a man vulnerable to other STIs that cause fertility issues. There is also research indicating that HIV causes a loss of the cells that develop into sperm, and can cause hypogonadism and low testosterone. The good news is that there are assisted reproduction options to allow people who are HIV positive to successfully and safely have children.

Trust Center for Vasectomy Reversal with Your Fertility

At Center for Vasectomy Reversal, we are committed to men’s health. We pride ourselves on helping men improve their fertility through uncompromising, concierge-level patient care. Under the direction of Dr. Joshua Green, our team provides state-of-the-art treatment for men who need a reversal of their vasectomy or have other fertility concerns. To learn more about the work we do or our discounts for active duty military and veterans, contact us through our website or call 941-894-6428.